From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Steven Paul Jobs (born February 24, 1955) is an
American business magnate and
inventor. He is well known for being the
co-founder and
chief executive officer of
Apple. Jobs also previously served as chief executive of
Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the
board of
The Walt Disney Company in 2006, following the acquisition of Pixar by Disney. He was credited in the 1995 movie
Toy Story as an
executive producer.
In the late 1970s, Jobs, with Apple co-founder
Steve Wozniak,
Mike Markkula,
[11] and others, designed, developed, and marketed one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the
Apple II series. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the
commercial potential of the
mouse-driven
graphical user interface which led to the creation of the
Macintosh.
[12][13] After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985,
[14][15] Jobs resigned from Apple and founded
NeXT, a
computer platform development company specializing in the higher education and business markets. Apple's subsequent 1996
buyout of NeXT brought Jobs back to the company he co-founded, and he has served as its
CEO since 1997.
In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of
Lucasfilm Ltd which was spun off as
Pixar Animation Studios.
[16] He remained
CEO and majority shareholder until its acquisition by the Walt Disney company in 2006.
[3] Jobs is currently a member of Disney's
Board of Directors.
[17][18]
Jobs' history in business has contributed much to the symbolic image of the idiosyncratic, individualistic
Silicon Valley entrepreneur, emphasizing the importance of
design and understanding the crucial role aesthetics play in public appeal. His work driving forward the development of products that are both functional and elegant has earned him a devoted following.
[19]
Jobs is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in over 230 awarded patents or patent applications related to a range from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages.
[20][21]
Early years
Steve Jobs at the WWDC 07
Jobs was born in San Francisco
[1] and was
adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs (
née Hagopian
[22]) of
Mountain View, California, who named him Steven Paul. Paul and Clara later adopted a daughter, who they named Patti. Jobs' biological parents – Abdulfattah Jandali, a
Syrian Muslim[23] graduate student who later became a political science professor,
[24] and Joanne Simpson, an American graduate student
[23] who went on to become a speech therapist
[25] – later married, giving birth to and raising Jobs' biological sister, the novelist
Mona Simpson.
[26][27][28][29][30]
Jobs attended Cupertino Junior High School and
Homestead High School in
Cupertino, California,
[19] and frequented after-school lectures at the
Hewlett-Packard Company in
Palo Alto, California. He was soon hired there and worked with
Steve Wozniak as a summer employee.
[31] In 1972, Jobs graduated from high school and enrolled in
Reed College in
Portland, Oregon. Although he
dropped out after only one semester,
[32] he continued
auditing classes at Reed, such as one in
calligraphy. Jobs later stated, "If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple
typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."
[15]
In the autumn of 1974, Jobs returned to California and began attending meetings of the
Homebrew Computer Club with Wozniak. He took a job as a technician at
Atari, a manufacturer of popular
video games, with the primary intent of saving money for a spiritual retreat to India.
Jobs then traveled to India with a Reed College friend (and, later, the first Apple employee),
Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. He came back a
Buddhist with his head shaved and wearing traditional Indian clothing.
[33][34] During this time, Jobs experimented with
psychedelics, calling his
LSD experiences "one of the two or three most important things [he had] done in [his] life".
[35] He has stated that people around him who did not share his countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.
[35]
Jobs returned to his previous job at Atari and was given the task of creating a
circuit board for the game
Breakout. According to Atari founder
Nolan Bushnell, Atari had offered
US$100 for each chip that was eliminated in the machine. Jobs had little interest or knowledge in circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the bonus evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari, Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line. At the time, Jobs told Wozniak that Atari had only given them $700 (instead of the actual $5000) and that Wozniak's share was thus $350.
[36][37][38][39][40][41]
Career
Beginnings of Apple Computer
Steve Jobs and
Bill Gates at the fifth
D: All Things Digital conference (
D5) in 2007.
In 1976, Steve Jobs,
Steve Wozniak and
Ronald Wayne,
[42] with later funding from a then-semi-retired Intel product-marketing manager and engineer
A.C. "Mike" Markkula Jr.,
[11] founded Apple. Prior to co-founding Apple, Wozniak was an electronics hacker. Jobs and Wozniak had been friends for several years, having met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez, introduced 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. Steve Jobs managed to interest Wozniak in assembling a computer and selling it. As Apple continued to expand, the company began looking for an experienced executive to help manage its expansion.
In 1978, Apple recruited
Mike Scott from
National Semiconductor to serve as CEO for what turned out to be several turbulent years. In 1983, Steve Jobs lured
John Sculley away from
Pepsi-Cola to serve as Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life, or do you want to come with me and change the world?"
[43][44] The following year, Apple aired a
Super Bowl television commercial titled "
1984." At Apple's annual shareholders meeting on January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the
Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience;
Andy Hertzfeld described the scene as "pandemonium."
[45] The Macintosh became the first commercially successful small computer with a
graphical user interface. The development of the Mac was started by
Jef Raskin, and eventually taken over by Jobs.
While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of his employees from that time had described him as an erratic and temperamental manager. An industry-wide sales slump towards the end of 1984 caused a deterioration in Jobs's working relationship with Sculley, and at the end of May 1985 – following an internal power struggle and an announcement of significant layoffs – Sculley relieved Jobs of his duties as head of the Macintosh division.
[46]
NeXT Computer
Around the same time, Jobs founded another computer company,
NeXT Computer. Like the
Apple Lisa, the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced; however, it was largely dismissed by industry as cost-prohibitive. Among those who could afford it, however, the NeXT workstation garnered a strong following because of its technical strengths, chief among them its
object-oriented software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the scientific and academic fields because of the innovative, experimental new technologies it incorporated (such as the
Mach kernel, the
digital signal processor chip, and the built-in
Ethernet port).
The
NeXTcube was described by Jobs as an "interpersonal" computer, which he believed was the next step after "personal" computing. That is, if computers could allow people to communicate and collaborate together in an easy way, it would solve many of the problems that "personal" computing had come up against. During a time when e-mail for most people was plain text, Jobs loved to demo the NeXT's e-mail system,
NeXTMail, as an example of his "interpersonal" philosophy. NeXTMail was one of the first to support universally visible, clickable embedded graphics and audio within e-mail.
Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by such things as the NeXTcube's magnesium case. This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of
NeXTSTEP/
Intel.
Pixar and Disney
In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed
Pixar) from
Lucasfilm's computer graphics division for the price of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to the company as capital.
[47]
The new company, which was originally based at
Lucasfilm's Kerner Studios in
San Rafael, California, but has since relocated to
Emeryville, California, was initially intended to be a high-end graphics hardware developer. After years of unprofitability selling the
Pixar Image Computer, it contracted with Disney to produce a number of computer-animated feature films, which Disney would co-finance and distribute.
The first film produced by the partnership,
Toy Story, brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released in 1995. Over the next ten plus years, under Pixar's creative chief
John Lasseter, the company would produce the box-office hits
A Bug's Life (1998),
Toy Story 2 (1999),
Monsters, Inc. (2001),
Finding Nemo (2003),
The Incredibles (2004),
Cars (2006),
Ratatouille (2007),
WALL-E (2008),
Up (2009) and
Toy Story 3 (2010).
Finding Nemo,
The Incredibles,
Ratatouille,
WALL-E and
Up each received the
Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in 2001.
In the years 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive
Michael Eisner tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership,
[48] and in early 2004 Jobs announced that Pixar would seek a new partner to distribute its films once its contract with Disney expired.
In October 2005,
Bob Iger replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. Once the deal closed, Jobs became
The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately 7% of the company's stock.
[17] Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceed those of Eisner, who holds 1.7%, and Disney family member
Roy E. Disney, who held about 1% of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisner included the soured Pixar relationship and accelerated his ousting. Jobs joined the company's board of directors upon completion of the merger.
Jobs also helps oversee Disney and Pixar's combined animation businesses with a seat on a special six-man steering committee.
Return to Apple
In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy
NeXT for $429 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996,
[49] bringing Jobs back to the company he co-founded. He soon became Apple's interim CEO after the directors lost confidence in and ousted then-CEO
Gil Amelio in a
boardroom coup. In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs immediately terminated a number of projects such as
Newton,
Cyberdog, and
OpenDoc. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs' summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company."
[50] Jobs also changed the licensing program for
Macintosh clones, making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines.
With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notably
NeXTSTEP, which evolved into
Mac OS X. Under Jobs's guidance the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the
iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO. Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title 'iCEO.'
[51]
In recent years, the company has branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the
iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the
iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. In 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the
iPhone, a
multi-touch display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminds his employees that "real artists ship",
[52] by which he means that delivering working products on time is as important as innovation and attractive design.
Jobs is both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the "
reality distortion field" and is particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as "
Stevenotes") at
Macworld Expos and at Apple's own World Wide Developers Conferences.
In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for
e-waste in the U.S. by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April. However, a few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The
Computer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker.
[15] The banner read "Steve — Don't be a mini-player recycle all e-waste". In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any U.S. customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.
[53]
Business life
Wealth
As of October 2009, Jobs owned 5.426 million shares of Apple, most of which was granted in 2003 when Jobs was given 10 million shares. He also owned 138 million shares of Disney, which he received in exchange for Disney's acquisition of Pixar.
[54] Forbes estimated his net wealth at $5.1 billion in 2009, making him the 43rd wealthiest American.
[55] Jobs has been criticized for his lack of public philanthropy despite his wealth, particularly in recent years as other billionaires (such as
Bill Gates and
Warren Buffet) have
pledged significant portions of their fortunes to charity.
[56] As of 2006, Jobs had not appeared on national tallies of charitable donations totaling $1 million or more, as compiled by
Indiana University's Center on Philanthropy.
[57] Although he may well have donated significant sums anonymously, some have doubted this assumption, given Jobs' equally poor track record on corporate philanthropy;
[58] after resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs as a temporary cost-cutting measure until profitability improved.
[59] Despite the company's record-breaking profits and $40 billion cash on hand,
[60] Jobs has not reinstated a
philanthropic division at Apple.
Stock options backdating issue
In 2001, Steve Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 million shares of Apple with an exercise price of $18.30, which allegedly should have been $21.10, thereby incurring taxable income of $20,000,000 that he did not report as income. This indicated
backdating. Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. If found liable, Jobs might have faced a number of criminal charges and civil penalties. Apple claimed that the options were originally granted at a special board meeting that may never have taken place. Furthermore, the investigation is focusing on false dating of the options resulting in a retroactive $20 million increase in the exercise price. The case is the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations,
[61] though an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.
[62] On July 1, 2008, a $7 billion class action suit was filed against several members of the Apple Board of Directors for revenue lost due to the alleged securities fraud.
[63][64]
Management style
Much has been made of Jobs' aggressive and demanding personality.
Fortune wrote that he "is considered one of Silicon Valley's leading
egomaniacs."
[65] Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found in
Mike Moritz's
The Little Kingdom, one of the few authorized biographies of Jobs;
The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, by Alan Deutschman; and
iCon: Steve Jobs, by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon.
Jef Raskin, a former colleague, once said that Jobs "would have made an excellent king of France," alluding to Jobs' compelling and larger-than-life persona.
[66]
Jobs has always aspired to position Apple and its products at the forefront of the
information technology industry by foreseeing and setting trends, at least in innovation and style. He summed up that self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the
Macworld Conference and Expo in January 2007 by quoting ice hockey legend
Wayne Gretzky:
[67]
There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. 'I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been.' And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very very beginning. And we always will.
—Steve Jobs
Floyd Norman said that at Pixar, Jobs was a "mature, mellow individual" and never interfered with the creative process of the filmmakers.
[68]
In 2005, Steve Jobs banned all books published by
John Wiley & Sons from
Apple Stores in response to their publishing an unauthorized biography,
iCon: Steve Jobs.
[69] In its 2010 annual earnings report, Wiley said it had "closed a deal ... to make its titles available for the iPad."
[70]
Personal life
Jobs married
Laurene Powell, on March 18, 1991. Presiding over the wedding was the
Zen Buddhist monk
Kobun Chino Otogowa.
[71] The couple have a son, Reed Paul Jobs,
[72] and two other children. Jobs also has a daughter,
Lisa Brennan-Jobs (born 1978), from his relationship with Bay Area painter Chrisann Brennan.
[73] She briefly raised their daughter on welfare when Jobs denied paternity, claiming that he was sterile; he later acknowledged paternity.
[73]
In the unauthorized
biography,
The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, author Alan Deutschman reports that Jobs once dated
Joan Baez. Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time at Reed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became the lover of Joan Baez in large measure because Baez had been the lover of
Bob Dylan." In another unauthorized biography,
iCon: Steve Jobs by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon, the authors suggest that Jobs might have married Baez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was unlikely the couple could have children.
Jobs is also a
Beatles fan. He has referenced them on more than one occasion at Keynotes and also was interviewed on a showing of a
Paul McCartney concert. When asked about his
business model on
60 Minutes, he replied:
[74]
My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other's negative tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in business are not done by one person, they are done by a team of people.
In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in
The San Remo, an apartment building in New York City with a politically progressive reputation, where
Demi Moore,
Steven Spielberg,
Steve Martin, and Princess
Yasmin Aga Khan, daughter of
Rita Hayworth, also had apartments. With the help of
I.M. Pei, Jobs spent years renovating his apartment in the top two floors of the building's north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to
U2 frontman
Bono. Jobs had never moved in.
[75][76]
In 1984, Jobs purchased a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m
2), 14 bedroom
Spanish Colonial mansion, designed by
George Washington Smith in
Woodside, California, also known as
Jackling House. Although it reportedly remained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived in the mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, he kept an old
BMW motorcycle in the living room, and let
Bill Clinton use it in 1998. Since the early 1990s, Jobs has lived in a house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clinton dined with Jobs and 14 Silicon Valley CEOs there August 7, 1996.
[77]
He allowed the mansion to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolish the house and build a smaller home on the property; but he met with complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a year to see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of people expressed interest, including several with experience in restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In January 2007 Jobs was denied the right to demolish the property, by a court decision.
[78]
He usually wears a black long-sleeved
mock turtleneck made by
St. Croix,
Levi's 501 blue jeans, and
New Balance 991 sneakers.
[79] He is a
pescetarian.
[80]
His choice of car is a silver 2006 Mercedes SL 55 AMG, which has no licence plates. That is, according to Jobs, because they always got stolen.
[81][82]
Jobs had a public war of words with
Dell Computer CEO
Michael Dell, starting when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes."
[83] On October 6, 1997, in a
Gartner Symposium, when Michael Dell was asked what he would do if he owned then-troubled Apple Computer, he said "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders."
[84] In 2006, Steve Jobs sent an email to all employees when Apple's
market capitalization rose above Dell's. The email read:
[85]
Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the future. Based on today's stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be different tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve.
Health concerns
In mid-2004, Jobs announced to his employees that he had been diagnosed with a cancerous
tumor in his
pancreas.
[86] The prognosis for
pancreatic cancer is usually very grim; Jobs, however, stated that he had a rare, far less aggressive type known as
islet cell neuroendocrine tumor.
[86] After initially resisting the idea of conventional medical intervention and embarking on a special diet to thwart the disease, Jobs underwent a
pancreaticoduodenectomy (or "Whipple procedure") in July 2004 that appeared to successfully remove the tumor.
[87][88] Jobs apparently did not require nor receive
chemotherapy or
radiation therapy.
[86][89] During Jobs' absence,
Timothy D. Cook, head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.
[86]
In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual
Worldwide Developers Conference. His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery,
[90][91] together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and internet speculation about his health.
[92] In contrast, according to an
Ars Technica journal report,
WWDC attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine";
[93] following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust."
[94]
Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs' 2008 WWDC keynote address;
[95] Apple officials stated Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and that he was taking
antibiotics,
[96] while others surmised his
cachectic appearance was due to the
Whipple procedure.
[97] During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Steve Jobs' health by insisting that it was a "private matter." Others, however, opined that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs' hands-on approach to running his company.
[98] The
New York Times published an article based on an
off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs, noting that "while his health issues have amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug,' they weren’t life-threatening and he doesn’t have a recurrence of cancer."
[99]
On August 28, 2008,
Bloomberg mistakenly published a 2500-word
obituary of Jobs in its corporate news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. (News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's untimely death.) Although the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported on it,
[100][101][102] intensifying rumors concerning Jobs' health.
[103] Jobs responded at Apple's September 2008
Let's Rock keynote by quoting
Mark Twain: "Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated";
[104] at a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110 / 70", referring to his
blood pressure, stating he would not address further questions about his health.
[105]
On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president
Phil Schiller would deliver the company's final keynote address at the
Macworld Conference and Expo 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs' health.
[106][107][108] In a statement given on January 5, 2009 on
Apple.com,
[109] Jobs said that he had been suffering from a "
hormone imbalance" for several months.
[110] On January 14, 2009, in an internal Apple
memo, Jobs wrote that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought" and announced a six-month
leave of absence until the end of June 2009 to allow him to better focus on his health.
Tim Cook, who had previously acted as CEO in Jobs' 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple,
[111] with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions."
[111]
In April 2009, Jobs underwent a
liver transplant at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute in
Memphis,
Tennessee.
[112][113] Jobs' prognosis was "excellent".
[113]
Honors
He was awarded the
National Medal of Technology from President
Ronald Reagan in 1985 with
Steve Wozniak (among the first people to ever receive the honor),
[114] and a
Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category "Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under" (aka the
Samuel S. Beard Award) in 1987.
[115]
On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business by
Fortune Magazine.
[116]
On December 5, 2007,
California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady
Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the
California Hall of Fame, located at
The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.
[117]
In August 2009, Jobs was selected the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers on a survey by
Junior Achievement.
[118]
On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the
decade by
Fortune Magazine.
[119]
In November 2009 Jobs was ranked #57 on
Forbes: The World's Most Powerful People.
[120]
In popular culture
Jobs was prominently featured in three films about the history of the personal computing industry:
Jobs has also been frequently
parodied:
posted May 30th 2007 10:01PM 
$6.1 billion (2010)
